This page was reviewed under our medical and editorial policy by
Maurie Markman, MD, President, Medicine & Science
This page was updated on June 8, 2022.
The staging process assesses the spread of cancer beyond the original site. Brain cancer does not behave in the same way as other cancers. Tumors may migrate within the brain, but it is very rare for primary brain tumors to spread outside of the brain, or away from the central nervous system (CNS).
Consequently, brain cancer is usually graded rather than staged. The brain tumor grading system features four distinct grades and provides your care team with an understanding of how the tumor grows. This process helps doctors match brain cancer treatments to individual needs.
To determine the growth and development of tumors in the brain, doctors focus on the characteristics of the tumor and its effect on functionality. The main factors used to assess brain tumors include:
A complete assessment will also factor in age and brain cancer symptoms that are limiting basic functions, such as speech, hearing or movement.
Brain cancer grading is much different than staging other cancers in the body. Cancers in the lung, colon and breast are staged based on their location in the body, size, lymph node involvement and possible spread. Tumors in the brain are graded based on how aggressive the tumor cells appear under a microscope.
The grade and resectability of the tumor (or the ability to remove it with surgery) will help guide treatment decisions. Surgery depends on the tumor’s accessibility (location), size, extent (spread within the brain) and the patient’s overall health (including medical history).
Brain cancer is categorized into four grades. They are:
Grade 1 brain cancer: The tumor grows slowly and rarely spreads into nearby tissues. It may be possible to completely remove the tumor with surgery.
Grade 2 brain cancer: The tumor grows slowly but may spread into nearby tissues or recur.
Grade 3 brain cancer: The tumor grows quickly, is likely to spread into nearby tissues, and the tumor cells look very different from normal cells.
Grade 4 brain cancer: The tumor grows and spreads very quickly, and the tumor cells do not look like normal cells.
Brain metastasis: Secondary brain tumors, which have spread to the brain from another location in the body, are much more common than primary brain tumors. These tumors are also becoming increasingly more common as individuals do better with cancer treatment and live longer, giving the original cancer the opportunity to spread to the brain.
Some cancers that commonly spread to the brain are lung, breast, colon, kidney, melanoma, thyroid and uterine. Lung cancer is the most common form of brain metastasis. In fact, lung cancer staging often involves a brain scan.
Brain metastases will likely be assessed through the Tumor, Node, Metastasized (spread) staging system (TNM). Sometimes, individuals are diagnosed with brain or spinal metastases before they realize they have another, primary cancer.
The average five-year relative survival rate for malignant brain tumors is 35.6 percent, according to the National Brain Tumor Society. This means that 35.6 percent of people who are diagnosed with brain cancer are still alive five years after their tumor is found.
Many factors affect survival following a brain cancer diagnosis, including:
For example, according to the American Cancer Society, the five-year relative survival rate by age bracket for glioblastoma, the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor, is:
This means that the younger you are, the higher the estimate of survival after five years. As a general rule, survival is longer with lower-grade brain tumors, but brain cancer survival data isn’t often categorized by grade.
It’s also important to keep in mind that survival estimates are just that—estimates. They are based on past data and older treatments. Advances continue to be made in medicine, and you should feel comfortable asking your care team to go over what these estimates mean for you, and what newer treatments may be appropriate for you.
Next topic: How is brain cancer diagnosed?